ABVC Avian Influenza Focus Report – 12 July 2024

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, a zoonotic disease caused by an influenza A virus, has been a persistent threat to global animal and public health for over two decades. While primarily circulating in avian populations, the virus has demonstrated the capacity for cross-species transmission, resulting in sporadic human infections and outbreaks in various mammalian species. The recent detection of HPAI H5N1 in dairy cows (Burrough et al., 2024) and the first reported human case in the United States underscore the continued importance of understanding and addressing this evolving threat. This research aims to provide a comprehensive overview of HPAI H5N1, focusing on its virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, and control strategies. It will further explore the implications of the recent H5N1 outbreaks in mammals, including the potential risks to human health and food security. By integrating current knowledge and highlighting key research gaps, this study seeks to inform ongoing efforts to mitigate the impact of HPAI H5N1 and enhance preparedness for future outbreaks.